Find Hidden Value: Highest Free Cash Flow Yield Investment Ideas for 2023 💰

Value-Investing , stock-screener , free-cash-flow-yield , Momentum

You can find our latest article on high Free Cash Flow Yield investment ideas here: Top Free Cash Flow Yield stocks for 2024.

This article gives you the best Free Cash Flow Yield investment strategy stock ideas for 2023. It also shows you how to improve the strategy and exactly how to implement a Free Cash Flow Yield investment strategy in your portfolio.

The best Free Cash Flow Yield investing stock ideas for 2023 will be grouped as follows:

Worldwide
in North America
in Europe and
in Asia

First a bit of background information.

If you want to skip this and see the investment ideas just scroll down.

Why free cash flow yield is a great investment strategy

Using a high free cash flow yield investment strategy makes a lot of sense because it is a “clean” valuation ratio you can use to find undervalued companies.

It's a “clean” valuation ratio because cash in the company’s bank accounts at the beginning of the financial year plus or minus the cash the business made or loss must be equal to the cash in the bank accounts at the end of the year.

There is not much management can do to manipulate these numbers, except through outright fraud – this means it is a great way to value a company.

What is free cash flow and free cash flow yield

Before we go any further let’s make sure we know what we are talking about.

In the Quant Investing stock screener we define Free Cash Flow (FCF) as: Total Cash from operations (from the company’s Cash Flow Statement) Minus Capital Expenditure (also from the Investing section of the Cash Flow Statement)

And we define Free Cash Flow Yield as: Free Cash Flow (as calculated above) Divided by Enterprise Value.

Enterprise Value (EV) is defined as the current market value of the company (market capitalisation) + Long-Term Debt + Minority Interest + Preferred capital - Excess Cash.

Does free cash flow investing work?

Before you use any investment strategy the most important question you should ask yourself is does it work over long periods of time?

And if it works in one stock market over one time period does it work in other stock markets in different time periods.

Only once you have answered these questions is it a good idea to invest your hard earned money using the strategy.

Click here to get the tools you need to implement a high FCF yield strategy in your portfolio

Does free cash flow yield investing work? The USA?

First let’s find out if free cash flow yield works in the USA.

Luckily the great guys at Alpha Architect tested not just free cash flow yield but also normalized (average) valuation ratios in a paper called Analysing Valuation Measures: A Performance Horse-Race over the past 40 Years written by Wes Gray and Jack Vogel.

5 strategies tested over 40 years

They tested 5 ratios over the 40 year period from 1 July 1971 to 31 December 2010 to find the best valuation ratio.

They also tested normalized (average) ratios to see if they increase returns.

What ratios did they test?

Earnings to Market Value (E/M) – You can also call the ratio Earnings to Price – the inverse of the PE ratio
Earnings before interest and taxes and depreciation and amortization to total enterprise value (EBITDA/TEV)
Free cash flow to total enterprise value (FCF/TEV) – FCF was defined as Net Income + Depreciation and Amortization - Working Capital Change - Capital Expenditures
Gross profits to total enterprise value (GP/TEV)
Book to market(B/M) – the inverse of Price to Book

Companies included and how they tested

This back test excluded financial companies and utilities, and the smallest 10% of market value companies listed on the NYSE.
Portfolios were put together on 30 June each year when all the companies were sorted into five quintiles – 20% groups of companies.
They only included companies for which 8 years of data was available.
Portfolios were re-balanced on a yearly basis.

How the ratios were calculated

For the one year (1yr) ratios companies were selected based on current numerator (top value) and current denominator (bottom value) for each measure.

For all the normalized ratios (2 years – 8 years) they used the average of the numerator over the past 2 to 8 years, and divided this average by the current denominator.

For example, the 8 year FCF/EV ratio was calculated using the average of the past 8 years FCF for each company (including the current year), and dividing this by the company’s current total enterprise value (EV).

This is what they found:

Click image to enlarge

Source: Analyzing Valuation Measures: A Performance Horse-Race over the past 40 Years.

The Equal Weight Value part of the table shows the equal-weighted returns of the most undervalued (cheap) 20% of companies based on each valuation ration.

The Equal Weight Growth part of the table shows the equal-weighted returns of the most overvalued (expensive) 20% of companies based on each valuation ration.

The Spread (Value-Growth) part of the table shows the difference between the Equal Weight Value and Equal Weight Growth returns of the two above tables.

What they found

As you can see (look at the dark green areas of the table) they did not find that using normalized ratios can add to your returns. Only normalized book to market (inverse of price to book) would have given you slightly higher returns compared to the one year ratio.

The best valuation ratio they found was trailing 12 month EBITDA to EV with an average return of 17.7% over the 40 year test period.

EBITDA to EV was also the ratio the highest spread (Value – Growth) returns which is a further indicator that it is the best ratio to use.

What about free cash flow yield? - Second best ratio

As you can see free cash flow yield was the second best ratio they tested, at 16.6% it was 1.1% per year lower than EBITDA/EV.

Still a very respectable return.

Click here to get the tools you need to implement a high FCF yield strategy in your portfolio

Does free cash flow yield investing work in Europe?

In our book Quantitative Value Investing in Europe: What Works for Achieving Alpha we tested 168 investment strategies in Europe over the 12 year period from June 1999 to June 2011 we also tested 12 months Free Cash Flow yield and 5 year average free cash flow yield.

Free cash flow yield vs Normalized free cash flow yield

In the back test free cash flow yield was defined cash flow from operations minus capital expenditure, divided by enterprise value.

This is what we found:

Free Cash Flow Yield Trailing 12 months returns (Source: Quantitative Value Investing in Europe: What Works for Achieving Alpha)

Q1 (Quintile 1) represents the cheapest 20% of companies and Q5 (quintile 5) the most expensive.

As you can see buying the most undervalued FCF yield companies (Q1) gave you by far the best performance, for small mid and large companies.

Substantial market outperformance

Just in case you were wondering - market outperformance was substantial, over the 12-year period of the study, the market portfolio generated a return of only 30.5 % or 2.25% pa, dividends included.

How you can improve the returns of a free cash flow yield investment strategy

In the above research report we not only tested single valuation ratios, we also tested if you can improve returns further by combining free cash flow yield with other ratios.

Improve your free cash flow yield returns

The following table shows you the returns you could have achieved if you can combined high 12 month free cash flow yield companies with other ratios and indicators.

Source: Quantitative Value Investing in Europe: What works for achieving alpha

Look at column Q1

Look at the returns in column Q1, it shows the returns generated by first selecting the 20% best free cash flow yield companies combined with the ratios in the column called Factor 2.

Best combination +755% was Momentum (506.3% improvement)

As you can see the best way to increase your return (+755.0%) was to combine free cash flow yield with Price Index 12 months (12 months momentum).

Price index 12 months is calculated as the current share price / share price 12 months ago.

This means if you invested only in the 20% of high free cash flow yield companies that also had the top 20% 12 months price index you could have increased your return by 506.3% (755.0% - 248.7%) compared to if you only invested in companies with the highest free cash flow yield.

That is an improvement of just over 2 times the original return!

Click here to get the tools you need to implement a high FCF yield strategy in your portfolio